http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/110 2026-04-04T19:37:18Z http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/2252 RESPONSES OF WOROWO [Senecio biafrae (Oliv. & Hiern.) S. Moore] TO COMPOSTS ENRICHED WITH ORGANIC NITROGEN SOURCES ADEYEMI, FOLASADE OLUWAFISAYO Worowo (Senecio biafrae) is a semi-wild, indigenous and nutritious vegetable. Demand for worowo is increasing due to its nutritional values, thus necessitating its domestication for increased production. However, there is limited information on soil fertility requirements of worowo and the use of inorganic fertilisers for its production could be expensive and detrimental to environment. Composts are more environmentfriendly and effective in improving soil fertility but their use are constrained by low nitrogen contents, thereby necessitating enrichment with various nitrogen sources. Therefore, responses of worowo to organically nitrogen-enriched composts were investigated. Composts from Cattle Dung+Sawdust-CDS at 1:1 (w/w) and Poultry Droppings+Sawdust-PDS at 1:1 (w/w) were enriched to 15, 30, 45 and 60 g N/kg with meals from dried bone-BnM, blood-BM, hoof-HM, and horn-HnM, neem-Nm and Tithonia leaves-TM. Compost treatments obtained were: CDS and PDS (no enrichment added), CDSBnM, CDSBM, CDSHM, CDSHnM, CDSNM and CDSTM; PDSBnM, PDSBM, PDSHM, PDSHnM, PDSNM and PDSTM. Compost treatments (30 t/ha) in 2.0 kg soils and control (soil alone) were incubated for 16 weeks for nitrogen analysis. Worowo was raised in pots with CDS, PDS and 60 g N/kg enriched composts at 30 t/ha and control (soil alone), compared with 60 kg N/ha NPK 15-15-15 in a completely randomised design with three replicates. Edible Shoot Yield (ESY) of worowo (t/ha) was measured at 180 Days After Planting (DAP). On the field, effects of CDSNM (60 g N/kg) at 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 t/ha were compared with NPK 15-15-15 at 60 kg N/ha on the ESY of worowo at 180 DAP, using randomised complete block design with four replicates, in two raining seasons. Samples of worowo edible shoots at harvest at the two seasons were analysed for Crude Fibre-CF (%). Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at α0.05. Highest and least N (g N/kg) contents (9.2 and 0.4) from soils incubated with compost treatments were from CDSNM at 60 g N/kg (16 weeks) and control (8 weeks), respectively. In pots, ESY (t/ha) of 60 g N/kg CDSNM (54.93±1.91) was significantly higher than NPK (36.53±1.27) and others but similar to CDS (50.93±1.77) while pots treated with PDS were lowest (8.00±0.28). At first season on the field (180 DAP), CDSNM at 40 t/ha had the highest ESY (8.66±1.24) which significantly differed from other treatments except CDSNM at 30 (6.30±0.90) and 20 (5.53±0.79) t/ha while control gave lowest (3.00±0.43). The ESY (180 DAP) from CDSNM at 40 t/ha (10.55±1.95) was highest in the second season and differed significantly from other treatments but comparable to CDSNM at 30 t/ha (7.30±1.35). Lowest ESY (1.41±0.26) was from plots allotted to NPK. At first season, CF contents of 60 g N/kg CDSNM treatments, NPK 15-15-15 and control were in the order: 40 t/ha-12.00±0.59> NPK-11.20±0.59> 30 t/ha-11.00±0.59> 20 t/ha-10.62±0.59>Control- 10.50±0.59> 10 t/ha-10.45±0.59, which followed the same order at the second season. Cattle dung-sawdust compost enriched with neem to 60 g N/kg applied at 30 t/ha improved edible shoot yield and crude fibre of worowo, hence could be adopted for its production. 2022-03-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/2135 CHARACTERISATION AND EVALUATION OF FLOURS AND OILS FROM SELECTED UNDERUTILISED PLANT SEEDS FOR FEEDS AND OLEOCHEMICALS PRODUCTION IFEDI, Emmanuel Nnamdi Plant seeds are sources of readily available nutrients and raw materials for man and industries, respectively. Although commonly regarded as wastes, flours, oils and spent cakes from these seeds can be used in animal nutrition. While the chemical constituents of Areca catechu-(AC), Enterolobium cyclocarpum-(EC), Polyalthia longifolia-(PL), Balanites aegyptiaca-(BA) and Neocarya macrophylla-(NM) seeds are known, there is limited information on the use of their flours and cakes in dietary feed and their oils as biofuels. The aim of this study was to screen these seeds for the production of cakes and oils from seeds flours, characterise and evaluate their applications as feed and oleochemicals. The AC-(FHI-113371), EC-(FHI-113391) and PL-(FHI-113392) seeds collected from Oyo; BA- (FHI-113393) (Kaduna) and NM-(FHI-113395) (Niger) were authenticated at FRIN (Ibadan) and separately pulverised into flours. Oils were extracted using n-hexane and cakes were obtained after extraction. Proximate compositions of all flours and cakes from only BA and NM were determined using standard methods. The mineral and amino acids contents were determined using ICP-OES and HPLC. Fatty-acid profiles of oils were evaluated by flame ionisation gas chromatography. Wistar rats were fed at 0-30% substitution for 56 days with AC, EC and PL flour formulations as well as BA and NM oils and cakes formulations, respectively. The control Wistar rats were maintained on conventional rations. Rat weights were assessed weekly. In vivo toxicity was determined using Red Blood Cell count (RBC) and tissue histopathology using standard procedures. The BA and NM oils were converted into biodiesel, biolubricant and biosurfactant following established procedures. Their chemical conversions were monitored with FTIR and 1HNMR. Their physicochemical properties were evaluated and compared with standard specifications for automotive fuels-(EN-14214), lubricant-(ISO-VG-32) and surfactant-(SLS). Data were analysed using ANOVA at α0.05. The protein contents of the flours were 4.20±0.08, 25.43±0.22, 12.40±0.25, 30.54±0.15 and 30.69±0.05% for AC, EC, PL, BA and NM, respectively. Their respective carbohydrate contents (%) were 52.58±0.64, 54.66±0.23, 59.65±0.19, 5.08±0.08 and 8.15±0.25. Predominant minerals (ppm) were K(2116.98±0.01-5767.62±0.11), Ca(503.63±0.03-1225.12±0.02) and Mg(674.33±0.57-3560.56±0.09). Essential amino acid ranged from 17.93-36.36 g/100g. The oils were rich in oleic and linoleic acids with cholesterol-lowering activity. A significant increase in weight (72.86±0.01-96.44±1.01 g) was recorded in Wistar rats maintained on 10% AC-modified feed compared to other treatments. The RBC ranging from 7.09±0.49 to 7.51±0.58×106 cells/µL compared favorably with the control (6.66±1.59 to 7.73±0.53×106 cells/µL). The BA intake caused a mild diffuse hydropic degeneration of rats’ liver cells. The viscosity at 40oC (3.52-4.42; 19.21- 26.64 mm2/s), density at 15oC (0.88-0.89; 0.88-0.92g/cm3) and flash point (139.30-146.51; 220- 240.35oC) of synthesised biodiesel, biolubricant and surface tension (27.45±0.02- 27.90±0.03mN/m) of biosurfactant from BA and NM oils, respectively, compared favourably with standards. Peaks at 1617cm-1(C=Oamide) and 1060cm-1 (C-Namide) indicated biosurfactant formation, while those at 3366-3442cm-1 (O-Hstretching) suggested biolubricant formation. A singlet at 3.70ppm (methoxy-protons) indicated biodiesel formation. These peaks were absent in the spectra of the oils. Balanites aegyptiaca and Neocarya macrophylla seeds had good nutritional constituents and could serve as alternative sources of nutrients in feed formulations if purified. Their oils were potential raw materials for oleochemicals. 2023-09-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/2133 SYNTHENSES, BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION, DOCKING AND ADMET PROFILING OF 4-AMINOANTIPYRINE DERIVATIVES ERAZUA, Ehimen Annastasia Oxidative-stress, inflammation and glycation processes cause cell damages in the human body and may lead to aging and different disease conditions. Drugs that ameliorate oxidative stress can solve several disease pathologies. Drug development experiments in the early stages are expensive and time-consuming. These constraints could be minimised through computational approach. A 4-aminoantipyrine possesses biological properties including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. However, information on its application as antiglycating agent is sparse. Therefore, this study was aimed at synthesising 4- aminoantipyrine derivatives and evaluating their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiglycation and toxicity potentials using experimental, docking and ADMET profiling. Synthesis of Schiff bases was carried out by condensation of 4-aminoantipyrine with different substituted benzaldehydes. Ether derivatives were prepared from 4- aminoantipyrine Schiff bases via Williamson ether synthesis. The compounds were purified by solvent extraction and characterised using Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectroscopy, 1H and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, Mass Spectrometry (MS) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis. Cytotoxicity analysis was carried out using brine shrimps and 3T3 mouse fibroblast cell lines. The antioxidant, antiinflammatory and antiglycating activities were evaluated in vitro using 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl radical, oxidative burst assay and human serum albumin solution; and compared with gallic acid, ibuprofen and rutin (standards), respectively. Molecular descriptors were obtained from Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations and the binding affinity determined by molecular docking. Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) model was used to predict the bioactivity of the compounds. A detailed ADMET (adsorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity) screening was done in-silico. Data were analysed by descriptive statistics. Fifty-eight compounds (thirty Schiff bases and twenty-eight ether derivatives) were synthesised out of which 24 were new. A newly synthesised 4-((2-chloro-4- fluorobenzylidene)amino)-1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one, had characteristic FTIR ῡmax at 1593 cm-1 for C=N (azomethine bond). The 1H-NMR spectrum showed seven methine signals at 9.91, 8.22, 7.55, 7.49, 7.40, 7.36 and 7.34 and two methylvi signals at 3.21and 2.47 ppm. The 13C NMR displayed seven quaternary, nine methine and two methyl carbons. The MS showed the molecular ion at 343 m/z corresponding to C18H15ClFN3O. The XRD showed a monoclinic unit cell and theta of 66.66o. None of the compounds was cytotoxic against normal cell lines (Cytotoxicity (3T3Cell-line) % inhibition ≤ 25%). Five of the compounds possessed antioxidant activity, with 4-((4- hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)amino)-1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-1,2-dihydro-3H-pyraz-ol-3- one having similar activity (IC50 =111.10±1.80 µM) as gallic acid (IC50 = 111.60±2.40 µM). Four of the compounds exhibited anti-inflammatory activities with 4-((2,3- dihydroxybenzylidene)amino)-1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one having a lower IC50 (0.01±0.02 µM) than that of ibuprofen (11.20±1.90µM). Eight of the compounds possessed moderate antiglycation activity (IC50 = 321.16±5.70- 856.80±2.80µM) when compared to standard (IC50 = 282.40±0.80 µM). The DFT calculations and molecular docking confirmed compounds 4-((3,4- dihydroxybenzylidene)amino)-1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3 one and 4- ((2,3-dihydroxybenzylidene)amino)-1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one with best activities among the tested compounds. The molecular descriptors (EHOMO, ELUMO, polarisability, dipole moment and polar surface area) were responsible for the biological activities of the compounds. All the synthesised compounds demonstrated acceptable outcome in oral bioavailability, lipophilicity, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity prediction. The synthesised 4-aminoantipyrine derivatives were non-toxic and some possessed antiinflammatory, antioxidant and antiglycation properties making them potential drug candidates. 2023-10-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/2131 CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS, ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF SELECTED SAPINDACEAE PLANTS AKINPELU, Oluwafunmilola Elizabeth Blighia sapida (Bs), Lecaniodiscus cupanioides (Lc) and Paullinia pinnata (Pp) (family Sapindaceae) are ethno-medicinal plants used as antimicrobial and antioxidant agents in the treatment of fevers, skin infections, dysentery and coughs. However, the information on chemical constituents and Essential Oils (EOs) from parts of these plants is limited and the bioactive compounds responsible for their activities have not been fully explored. This study was therefore, designed to extract, isolate and characterise bioactive constituents from these three plants. The plants Bs, Lc and Pp were collected in Ibadan and authenticated at the University of Ibadan Herbarium as UIH–22407, UIH–23138 and UIH–23139, respectively. The EOs from the plants parts were obtained by hydro-distillation and analysed by Gas Chromatography (GC) and GC-Mass Spectrometry. Hexane, ethylacetate and methanol were used to obtain root extracts of Bs. The active ethylacetate fraction was subjected to chromatographic techniques. The isolated compound from Bs was characterised using spectroscopic methods. The EOs and compound isolated were subjected to antimicrobial assay following standard protocols using bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumonia) and fungi (Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus stolonifer, Penicillium notatum) with gentamicin and tioconazole as standards, respectively. Antioxidant activity was done using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging assay with α-tocopherol, butylated hydroxyanisole and ascorbic acid as standards. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics. The yield of EOs from the three plants ranged from 0.3 to 5.6%. Total of 197, 153 and 142 compounds were identified from Bs, Lc and Pp, respectively. Major constituents of the EOs were α-ionone, pentadecanal, geosmin, verticiol, α–caryophyllene and (Z)-11-octadecenoic acid for Bs; (E)-2-hexenal, 4-hexyl-2,5-dihydro-2,5-dioxo-3-furanacetic acid, tetrapentacontane and 1,2,3,5,7-pentamethyl-1H-pyrrolo [2,3-f] quinolin-9-ol for Lc; caryophyllene and caryophyllene oxide for Pp. However, hexahydrofarnesyl acetone was the most commonly present at 71.4%, 50.0% and 75.0% of EOs from Bs, Lc and Pp, respectively. Infrared absorptions of the compound from Bs at 3331 cm-1 (O-H) and 1701 cm-1 (C=O); proton NMR signals (ppm) at δ 7.90 (1H, d), 6.23 (1H, d), 7.22 (1H, s), 6.80 (1H, s) and 3.82 (3H, s); carbon-13 NMR with ten carbons (CH3, 4CH2, 5C) ; molecular ion at m/z 192.05 corresponded to 7-hydroxy-6-methoxy-chromen-2-one. Zone of inhibition (mm) of Bs, Lc, Pp EOs and 7-hydroxy-6-methoxy-chromen-2-one at 3.13-100.00 mg/mL ranged from 10±0 to 26±0, 10±0 to 28±0, 10±0 to 28.0±1.0 and 10±0 to 26±0, respectively, while standards ranged from 26±0 to 40±0 mm at 10 µg/mL. The IC50 of EOs in antioxidant activity ranged from 0.981 to 1.047 µg/mL, while that of the isolated compound was 1.027 µg/mL compared to 0.950-1.023 µg/mL for standards. Bioactivities of the essential oils of Blighia sapida, Lecaniodiscus cupanioides, Paullinia pinnata and newly isolated 7-hydroxy-6-methoxy-chromen-2-one from Blighia sapida supported the use of the plants in ethno-medicine for treatment of microbial infections. 2023-08-01T00:00:00Z