http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/112 2026-04-07T17:21:43Z http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/2137 MIGRATORY PATTERNS AND LIVELIHOOD ACTIVITIES OF FEMALE MIGRANT WORKERS IN RURAL AREAS OF ONDO WEST LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, ONDO STATE, NIGERIA OLALEYE, Oluwaseun Mercy Globalisation, harsh economy and insecurity are catalysts for most migrant workers in Nigeria. International and national migrant workers streams are increasingly dominated by females. Extant literature has focused largely on the livelihood activities and health concerns among male migrants in the urban areas, with little attention paid to the migratory patterns and livelihood of female migrant workers in the rural areas. This study, therefore, focused on the identification, determinants of the migratory patterns and livelihood activities of female migrant workers in rural areas of Ondo West Local Government Area, Ondo State. The Push-Pull Theory by Everett Lee and the Rural Livelihood System by Niehof and Price provided the framework, while the cross-sectional research design was adopted. A multi-stage sampling technique was employed. Ondo West Local Government Area (LGA) was purposively selected because of the large number of female migrant workers in its rural areas. Five political wards (Wards 2, 4, 5, 6, and 12) were randomly selected from the LGA, and six rural villages were randomly selected from each of the wards. A sample size of 1047 female migrant workers was chosen using Slovin’s sample size determination formula. A questionnaire was administered to obtain information on demographic characteristics, migratory process, livelihood activities, and problems facing female migrant workers in the rural areas. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Getis Ord Gi statistics, correlation and and t-Test at p≤0.05. Female migrant workers (30.3%) aged between 50 and 59 years, 74.8% were married, 39.1% had at least primary school education, while 39.3% did not possess formal education. Majority of the female migrant workers were from Osun (34.1%) and Oyo (16.0%) states. The female migrant workers were significantly clustered in space (z-value = 2.978). The reasons for migration among female workers included economy (49.8%) and marriage (24.0%), while 11.7% accompanied their parents. Livelihood activities included farming (58.8%), trading (14.5%), farm labour (7.9%), cottage processing (11.5%), lumbering (4.2%) and civil service (3.1%). These livelihood activities varied significantly among the thirty villages at t-value of 47.261. There was no significant variation between female migrant workers socio-demographic characteristics and their livelihood activities. Challenges faced by female migrant workers in pursuit of livelihoods included poor road network (30.9%), lack of access to funds (25.6%) and inadequate support from spouses (23.9%). Economic gains drive the migration of female workers to rural Ondo West Local Government Area with their livelihood activities clustered in a few settlements. Establishment of rural banks, which will provide access to funds in terms of loans and the establishment of developmental schemes and projects in rural areas will create more livelihood opportunities for female migrant workers. 2023-10-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1294 SPATIOTEMPORAL PATTERNS OF INFANT AND CHILD MORTALITY IN NIGERIA, 1990 – 2015 AYOADE, MODUPE ALAKE High Infant Mortality Rates (IMRs) and Child Mortality Rates (CMRs) are major health challenges in most developing countries, with undesirable socioeconomic consequences. In Nigeria, previous studies have mainly examined the determinants of Infant and Child Mortality (ICM) based on micro level data, with little attention to the spatiotemporal variations at the national level. In addition, the influence of socioeconomic inequalities on IMRs and CMRs nationwide over time has been minimally examined. This study, therefore, was designed to analyse the spatiotemporal patterns and the influence of socioeconomic inequalities on ICM in Nigeria. Mosley and Chen, World Health Organization Social Determinants of Health Models and Concept of Health Equity constituted the framework. State-level data on ICM, child’s sex, antenatal care, breastfeeding, vaccination, wealth index, religion, education and age of mothers were derived from the 2003, 2008 and 2013 Nigeria Demographic and Health Surveys and annual World Bank datasets (1990-2015). The extracted data were linked to their corresponding spatial units for geospatial analysis. Descriptive statistics, Moran’s Index, Getis-Ord Gi* Statistic, ANOVA, Stepwise regression, Rate Ratio (RR) and Rate Difference (RD) were used for the analysis at p0.05. IMRs were 81.944.6 (2003), 69.418.7 (2008) and 60.617.8 (2013) per 1000 live births, whileCMRs were 47.036.3 (2003), 37.719.9 (2008) and 23.614.6 (2013) per 1000 children surviving to age one. Both IMRs and CMRs declined over time in Bayelsa, Borno, Kaduna and Ekiti States. The IMRs increased in Imo, Oyo, Anambra, Abia, Lagos, Yobe, Kebbi and Sokoto States, while CMRs increased in Imo, Cross River, Delta and Katsina States. The IMRs were clustered but insignificant for all periods, while CMRs were significantly clustered in 2003 (0.40), 2008 (0.56) and 2013 (0.53). The hot spots of IMRs and CMRs were mainly among states in the Northwest and Northeast while cold spots were mainly among states in the Northcentral and Southwest geo-political zones. The IMRs (F(2;108)=4.82) and CMRs (F(2;108)=8.01) varied significantly over time across states. Wealth Index, breastfeeding duration and antenatal care explained most of the variations onIMRs and CMRs in 2003 (R2=0.54; 0.54), 2008 (R2=0.46; 0.66) and 2013 (R2=0.64; 0.73) at the state level. Most of the annual variations in IMRs and CMRs (1990-2015) (R2=0.99; 0.99) were accounted for by rates of vaccination, urbanization and inflation.Socioeconomic inequalities on IMRs and CMRs increased mainly in states in the Northeast and Southsouth geo-political zones. Between wealth groups, inequalities markedly increased for infant mortality in Yobe (RR: 1.35 to 7.07; RD: 16 to 58 per 1000 live births) and for child mortality in Benue (RR: 1.05 to 3.58; RD: 2 to 23 per 1000 children surviving to age one). Contiguous states in Nigeria have similar or near similar rates of Infant and Child Mortality and these are influenced mainly by the Wealth Index. High and increasing socioeconomic inequalities onInfant and Child Mortality persist, despite significant reductions in mortality rates over time. Implementation of place - and group - specific strategies in tackling Infant and Child Mortality while regularly evaluating their impact is required. 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/292 CHANNEL PLAN FORM CHANGES ALONG THE ALLUVIAL SECTION OF RIVER OSUN, NIGERIA EMUH, CHRISTIANA NDIDI ANTHONIA Alluvial channels form a morphological continuum defined as straight, meandering and or branching, which may be stable or change over time and space. Earlier researches have focused on single plan form, to the neglect of the possible transformation from single to multiple forms within a single river channel. This study, was designed to analyse the plan form changes and their associated factors within the alluvial section of Osun River, with single (meandering) and multiple (anabranching) channel reaches. Based on the concept of downstream hydraulic geometry, the alluvial section of Osun River was divided into meandering and anabranching reaches. Data on the river morphological variables were collected from 44 cross-sectional points from the meandering (34) and anabranching (10) reaches using standard field procedures. River pattern was quantified using sinuosity index and average number of channels across valley. Cross-sectional form was quantified using width, depth, area and width/depth ratio (WDR). Process-form relationship was characterised using channel discharge (Q), percentage bank clay (Bc), bank shear (Bs), median bed sediment grain size (D50), valley slope (S) and valley width (Vw). Aerial photographs of 1963 and Landsat imageries of 1972, 1984, 2005 and 2012 were analysed for channel plan form changes. Pairs of images were overlayed and geo-processed to obtain width, area, sinuosity and lateral migration patterns. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, correlation, linear and multiple regression at α.0.05. The number of channels across valley was 1.03±0.17 and 4.5±1.08, while channel sinuosity index was 1.5 and 1.2 for meandering and anabranching reaches, respectively. The Q (282±27.91 m3/s; 482±26.82 m3/s), Bc (10.88±2.99%; 29.22±7.69%), Bs (10.72±2.44 kPa; 27.93±5.00 kPa) and log of Vw (5.04±0.36 m; 6.54±0.28 m) were lower in the meandering than anabranching reaches, respectively. Channel pattern was directly related to Q (r=0.86), Bc (r=0.79), Bs (r=0.87), Vw (r=0.81) and inversely related to D50 (r=-0.78) and S (r=0.78). Cross-sectional form was directly related to Q (r=0.72), D50 (r=0.79), S (r=0.79) and inversely related Bc (r=-0.75), Bs (r=-0.87). The equation predicting the relationship between WDR (y) and downstream distance (x) was y = 22.9 - 0.39x. Furthermore, the equations predicting the relationships between plan form control variables and channel pattern as well as cross-sectional form was y = 1.18 + 0.21Q + 0.3Bc + 0.60D50 – 0.12S – 0.21Vw + e (where e is stochastic error) and y = 8.01 + 0.34Q - 0.06Bc -0.91Bs + 0.29D50 + 0.31S + 0.31Vw + e. There were changes from single channel to multiple (anabranching) channel and from meandering to sinuous river pattern as predicted by the decrease in WDR with increasing distance downstream. The transition from meandering to anabranching plan form within the alluvial section of Osun River was observed. This was due to increased discharge, bank strength and reduced valley slope of the river channel. Keywords: River Osun, Alluvial channel, River meandering and anabranching, Hydraulic geometry. Word count: 493 words. 2017-10-01T00:00:00Z