http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1974 2026-04-15T02:36:16Z http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1975 COMPARATIVE EFFECTS OF OVERGROUND WALKING EXERCISE AND COGNITIVE REHABILITATION ON COGNITION, BRAINDERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR, QUALITY OF LIFE AND PARTICIPATION RESTRICTION AMONG STROKE SURVIVORS ABBA, Muhammad Aliyu Post-Stroke Cognitive Impairment (PSCI) is a major cause of disability, dependence on Activities of Daily Living (ADL), Participation Restriction (PR) and poor Quality of Life (QoL). Evidence has shown that the gold standard for PSCI rehabilitation is Cognitive Rehabilitation (CR). Studies have also shown that aerobic exercises with treadmills and bicycle ergometers are effective in the management of PSCI. However, only few studies have examined the effects of Overground Walking Exercise (OWE), which is an inexpensive, accessible and natural form of aerobic exercise. This study was conducted to investigate the comparative effects of an eight-week OWE and Cognitive Rehabilitation (CR) on cognition, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), QoL and PR among stroke survivors. The study design was randomised-controlled trial, which involved 53 stroke survivors with mild-tomoderate cognitive impairments, purposively recruited from three tertiary hospitals in Kano, and randomly assigned into three groups using computer-generated random numbers. The participants received moderate-intensity self-paced OWE, Zoltan protocol CR and combined interventions in the respective groups (OWEG=17, CRG=18 and OWECRG=18). Each group received thrice weekly interventions for eight weeks. About 5 ml venous blood sample was collected aseptically, allowed to clot and centrifuged to harvest the serum sample. Cognition, serum BDNF (ng/ml), QoL and PR were assessed using Montreal Cognitive Assessment, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) technique, Stroke-Specific Quality of Life questionnaire and London Handicap Scale, respectively at baseline, 4th week and 8th week. Data were summarised using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at α0.05. Age of participants was 48.42±27.39 years. At baseline, duration since stroke onset was 26.70±27.25 months. The OWEG, CRG and OWECRG were comparable in cognition (18.06±3.60; 19.00±3.90; 19.50±3.85); BDNF levels (13.05±8.27; 13.81±11.04; 9.54±6.46); QoL (191.00±28.85; 202.72±28.83; 197.44±39.83) and PR (12.06±4.02; 10.39±4.24; 10.56±3.31) at baseline. Within-group comparisons at week 4 showed significant improvements in cognition (20.53±2.83; 22.78±3.95; 22.44±3.37); BDNF levels (13.88±8.26; 15.62±12.98; 11.54± 9.17) and QoL (202.24±22.49; 211±21.99; 204.17±41.24) for the OWEG, CRG and OWECRG, respectively. The PR significantly decreased to 9.00±2.45; 9.56±2.73 and 9.44±3.47 at week 4 for the OWEG, CRG and OWECRG, respectively. Similarly, within-group comparisons at week 8 showed significant improvements in cognition (26.24±2.51; 25.22±3.26; 25.17±3.47); BDNF levels (14.69±8.85; 18.13±14.96; 13.35±10.56) and QoL (243.53±17.84; 222.89±18.35; 221.28±25.72) for the OWEG, CRG and OWECRG, respectively. There were significant reductions in PR to 7.24±2.05; 8.39±2.70; 8.39±2.43 at week 8 for the OWEG, CRG and OWECRG, respectively. There was no significant across-group difference in cognition, BDNF levels and PR. The percentage mean changes at week 8 in cognition (45.3%, 32.7%, 30.5%) and PR (40.0%, 19.3%, 20.6%) were highest for the OWEG, while the percentage mean change in BDNF level was highest in the OWECRG (12.6%, 31.3%, 38.3%). There was a significant across-group difference in QoL at week 8, with the best improvement observed in the OWEG. Overground walking exercise, cognitive rehabilitation and a combination of both had comparable positive effects on cognition, level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and participation. However, overground walking exercise resulted in better improvement in participants’ quality of life. 2023-09-01T00:00:00Z